<img src="https://api-discussion.policharcha.com/1713863886774" alt="Karnataka & Gujarat lead clean energy transition as states navigate challenges: Report" style="float:none;height: auto;width: auto"/>

The recent report titled "Indian States' Electricity Transition" (SET) by the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA) and Ember has underscored Karnataka and Gujarat's commendable leadership in advancing towards a cleaner energy transition.
The report, which assesses the clean electricity transition readiness at the subnational level, highlights these states' significant progress in integrating renewable energy sources into their power sectors, thereby making substantial strides in decarbonisation, aimed at reducing carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere.
In 2024, the report expanded its scope to include five additional states, bringing the total to 21 states representing about 95% of India's annual power demand from fiscal years 2018 to 2024 (up to November). This year's assessment parameters were updated to better align with states' electricity transition progress, incorporating stakeholder feedback and improved data availability.
However, the report also points out that states like Jharkhand, Bihar, West Bengal, and Uttar Pradesh lag behind in their transition efforts, echoing similar findings from previous years. These states, although in the early stages of transition, need to focus on ramping up renewable energy deployment, enhancing short-term market participation, and fortifying their distribution infrastructure.
The report's release coincided with rising temperatures in India, prompting the Ministry of Power to brace for a projected peak power demand of 260 gigawatts. This surge in demand, coupled with harsh summers, underscores the imperative for states to accelerate their transition to clean energy sources like solar power.
Vibhuti Garg, Director South Asia at IEEFA, emphasised the importance of monitoring subnational progress closely, noting that while national-level progress is commendable, disparities exist at the state level, potentially hindering the country's overall electricity transition.
Aditya Lolla, Asia Programme Director at Ember, acknowledged the progressive steps taken by some states in boosting renewable energy deployment but cautioned that many states are still in the nascent stages of their transition, urging them to expedite efforts to reap the benefits of clean electricity.
One significant finding from the report is that several states demonstrate readiness to embrace the electricity transition, performing well in aspects like the power ecosystem's readiness and market enablers. However, they need to improve in the decarbonisation dimension to align with their strengths in other areas.
Co-author Neshwin Rodrigues highlighted examples like Delhi and Odisha, which excel in certain aspects but need to improve their actual decarbonisation progress. The report emphasises the need for states to bolster their power ecosystems and develop appropriate market enablers to accelerate decarbonisation effectively.
Tanya Rana, an Energy Analyst at IEEFA, noted that states like Kerala, Haryana, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, and Maharashtra exhibit progress in specific aspects but face challenges in others, necessitating a holistic approach to sustain momentum in decarbonisation.
Saloni Sachdeva Michael, an Energy Specialist at IEEFA, stressed the importance of strengthening state-level regulatory ecosystems to promote compliance, growth, data tracking, and a conducive business environment, aligning with India's goal of energy independence.
Overall, the report calls for a shift in focus from national-level to state-level studies to grasp the nuances of India's electricity transition fully. It underscores the need for tailored policy interventions, monitoring of decarbonisation progress, and enhancement of market enablers at the state level to overcome challenges and expedite the clean energy transition effectively.

Karnataka & Gujarat lead clean energy transition as states navigate challenges: Report

<img src="https://api-discussion.policharcha.com/1712676486470" alt="New study reveals alarming soil erosion trends across India" style="float:none;height: auto;width: auto"/>

A study has uncovered alarming insights into India's soil health, indicating significant erosion across the country. The research, titled "Geospatial modelling and mapping of soil erosion in India," brings to light that nearly 30% of India's landmass is undergoing "minor" soil erosion, while a critical 3% is grappling with "catastrophic" topsoil loss.
Topsoil, the crucial upper layer of soil essential for agriculture due to its nutrient and moisture retention capabilities, is under threat from erosion. This erosion not only reduces soil fertility but also leads to diminished crop yields, impacting agricultural sustainability.
Manabendra Saharia, assistant professor of civil engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi and one of the study's authors, emphasised the need to classify soil erosion levels comprehensively, especially considering India lacked such a classification system previously. The study, which introduced six classifications ranging from "minor" to "catastrophic" based on soil erosion metrics, sheds light on the severity of soil degradation.
The study identifies the Brahmaputra Valley in Assam as a significant hotspot for soil erosion, with Assam alone losing nearly 300 square kilometres or 31% of its topsoil to "catastrophic" erosion. This loss is particularly concerning given that soil formation is a slow process, with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations noting it could take up to 1,000 years to produce a few centimetres of topsoil.
Aside from the Brahmaputra Valley, regions like the lower Himalayan reaches and Odisha also face critical erosion challenges due to factors like loose soil, unstable slopes, seismic activity, and anthropogenic interventions such as deforestation and intensive farming practices.
The study's use of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) enabled a detailed analysis of potential soil loss across India, incorporating factors like predicted crop loss, rainfall, soil erodibility, slope steepness, and management practices. This holistic approach provides valuable data for future soil conservation planning and emphasises the urgent need for sustainable land management practices to mitigate soil erosion and preserve agricultural productivity.

New study reveals alarming soil erosion trends across India

<img src="https://api-discussion.policharcha.com/1711025072947" alt="AAP claps back at Delhi LG over pollution issue, criticises use of ‘rude’ language" style="float:none;height: auto;width: auto"/>

The Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) has strongly criticised Lieutenant Governor VK Saxena over his recent letter addressing pollution concerns in the national capital, describing the language used as rude, curt, and borderline abusive. In a statement, AAP condemned the choice of language by the LG, emphasising the need for respectful communication.
"Yet again, LG writes a letter to the CM in a language better avoided. The language is rude, curt and bordering on abusive. We strongly condemn the use of such a despicable language by the LG," AAP stated.
The statement from AAP highlighted the proactive measures taken by Delhi's AAP Government to tackle pollution head-on, showcasing the administration's diligence and responsibility. AAP noted the installation of an Air Quality Index (AQI) monitor every 40 kilometres, establishing a robust monitoring system unparalleled elsewhere in the country.
"Delhi's AAP Government systematically confronts the issue head-on, displaying the diligence of a responsible administration. We have installed an AQI monitor every 40 kilometres, such a robust monitoring mechanism is nowhere else in the country," stated AAP's statement.
Acknowledging the gravity of the pollution issue, AAP reaffirmed its unwavering commitment to resolving it through continuous efforts. The statement applauded the successful transition of all 1800 industries in Delhi to Piped Natural Gas (PNG) fuels, a significant step towards environmental sustainability. Additionally, Delhi has achieved its highest green cover to date, reaching 23.6%.
AAP proudly pointed out Delhi's leadership in promoting electric vehicles (EVs), with 1650 electric buses operational on city roads, a milestone unmatched by other Indian cities. The party outlined its ambitious goal to electrify 80% of Delhi's bus fleet by 2025, underscoring its dedication to a cleaner, greener future.
Citing data from the Economic Survey, AAP highlighted a notable decrease of 30-35% in pollution levels compared to 2016, showcasing the positive impact of the government's initiatives. The statement also mentioned uninterrupted 24x7 electricity supply across sectors, rendering diesel-based generators obsolete and contributing to environmental conservation.
AAP's efforts in rejuvenating the Yamuna river were also highlighted, with over 10 significant projects totalling Rs 1,080 crores undertaken, including the construction of a wastewater treatment plant. However, AAP expressed frustration over delayed fund releases by Finance Secretaries, leading to delays in crucial projects.
In conclusion, AAP's statement not only criticised the LG's language but also showcased the party's dedication to environmental conservation and quality of life improvements for Delhi residents through innovative policies and sustainable initiatives.

AAP claps back at Delhi LG over pollution issue, criticises use of ‘rude’ language

<img src="https://api-discussion.policharcha.com/1709639620372" alt="Himachal Pradesh grapples with extreme snowfall and rain, leading to disruption and challenges" style="float:none;height: auto;width: auto"/>

After a prolonged dry spell, Himachal Pradesh has been hit by substantial snowfall and rain over the past four days, posing significant challenges for local residents, especially in tribal districts like Kinnaur and Lahaul and Spiti.
According to data from the India Meteorological Department (IMD), Lahaul and Spiti district experienced snowfall that exceeded 530 percent of the average amount for this time of year.
Normally, the district receives around 20.8 centimetres of snowfall and rain, but during this recent spell, it recorded more than 131 centimetres of snowfall.
Additionally, Lahaul and Spiti witnessed 700 percent excess snowfall and rain compared to its average, while Chamba district recorded 516 percent excess precipitation.
The entire state of Himachal Pradesh recorded 508 percent excess rain and snowfall, with reports of avalanches in several districts. One significant incident occurred near Dara Falls in Jasrath village, Lahaul Spiti, where an avalanche halted the flow of the Chenab River for more than 15 hours.
This caused panic among residents downstream. In another incident, heavy snowfall triggered an avalanche that struck five vehicles in Solanganala, a tourist spot in Manali, and damaged five shops near the Tandi bridge.
The Lahaul Valley has been completely cut off from the rest of the world due to the heavy snowfall.
The sudden snowfall and rain affected infrastructure across the state, with 652 roads, 1,749 transformers, and 78 water projects bearing the brunt of the adverse weather conditions.
Consequently, the deputy commissioner of Lahaul Spiti district declared a holiday for government and educational institutions on March 4, 2024, and residents were advised to stay indoors unless absolutely necessary.
Meteorologist Rajesh Singh Rana explained that the phenomenon of excess snowfall and rainfall simultaneously is uncommon. This unusual weather pattern was attributed to the convergence of an active western disturbance, moist winds from the Arabian Sea, and winds from Punjab and Rajasthan. The IMD has forecasted the continuation of this weather system for the next 2-3 days, indicating the likelihood of more precipitation in the state.
Residents from Sangla, Kinnaur, expressed concern over the unprecedented snowfall in March, highlighting the challenges faced in accessing essential services like water and electricity.
However, some locals in Lahaul and Spiti welcomed the precipitation, noting its positive impact on agriculture and water availability during the summer months. They highlighted the importance of the recent snowfall for farmers and orchardists in the region, suggesting that it could lead to favourable yields.

Himachal Pradesh grapples with extreme snowfall and rain, leading to disruption and challenges

<img src="https://api-discussion.policharcha.com/1708691977391" alt="NGT criticises CGWA's response to groundwater contamination issue" style="float:none;height: auto;width: auto"/>

The Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) is facing criticism from the National Green Tribunal (NGT) for its alleged failure to effectively address the issue of toxic arsenic and fluoride contamination in groundwater across several regions of the country.
In its response to the matter, the CGWA received sharp rebuke from the NGT, which described the reply as a "very generic response" lacking concrete action.
The tribunal expressed disappointment over the apparent lack of substantial steps taken by the CGWA to tackle the problem of arsenic and fluoride contamination in groundwater. It demanded clarity on specific measures implemented by the CGWA in affected areas and whether alternative drinking water sources have been provided to the affected population.
Taking suo motu cognizance of the issue based on a report, the NGT, chaired by Justice Prakash Srivastava, highlighted the widespread prevalence of groundwater contamination due to arsenic in 230 districts across 25 states and fluoride in 469 districts across 27 states.
Despite the severe health implications of these contaminants, the NGT observed a lack of arsenic and fluoride removal plants in affected regions.
The tribunal directed the CGWA to submit a revised response within six weeks, emphasising the urgency of addressing the issue to safeguard public health. It also noted the presence of 16 chemical laboratories under the CGWA, with 10 labs accredited by the National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories.
These laboratories conduct annual testing of 27,500 to 32,500 water samples, examining 15 major chemical parameters, including pH, calcium, magnesium, iron, and heavy trace elements like arsenic and uranium. However, the NGT highlighted deficiencies in sample testing facilities in certain labs, noting the need for adequate testing kits.
With the next hearing scheduled for April 26, 2024, the NGT underscores the importance of swift and decisive action by the CGWA to mitigate groundwater contamination and protect public health nationwide.

NGT criticises CGWA's response to groundwater contamination issue

<img src="https://api-discussion.policharcha.com/1707392614938" alt="Return of Olive Ridley turtles marks environmental victory for Karnataka coast" style="float:none;height: auto;width: auto"/>

The coastline of Karnataka proudly boasts its status as an Olive Ridley rookery on India's western shores. However, for decades, some beaches in the Mangaluru division of this southern state have remained devoid of Olive Ridley nesting sites due to adverse environmental conditions, such as heightened salinity and pollution stemming from human activities.
This longstanding absence witnessed a remarkable turnaround on February 5, 2024, as approximately 12 nesting sites were identified along the shores of Tannirbhavi and Sasihithlu beaches in coastal Karnataka.
V Karikalan, the chief conservator of forests for the Mangaluru wildlife division, expressed the significance of this event, stating, "Each site should have closer to 150 eggs as per the typical nesting habits of the Olive Ridley turtles. This was the first incident of nesting after a hiatus of 29 years (since 1985), which has been a pleasant development."
While Kundapur and Byndoor beaches have maintained relatively stable nesting sites, hosting around 200 nesting sites annually, the recent resurgence of nesting activity in Tannirbhavi and Sasihithlu beaches holds immense ecological importance.
Karikalan highlighted the importance of Olive Ridley turtles as Schedule 1 animals under the Wildlife Act of 1972, equating their significance to that of tigers and elephants. He remarked, "the species coming back for nesting on Tannirbhavi and Sasihithlu beaches after such a long time is a significant development."
Critical changes have evidently occurred on these beaches, heralding an era of environmental improvement. Karikalan highlighted, "first, the beaches are pollution-free and not subject to much human activity, and secondly, the Olive Ridleys have found these beaches a haven for their progeny."
Experts from the Karnataka Veterinary, Animal, Fisheries, and Animal Sciences University, Fisheries College, Mangaluru, elucidated the turtles' sensitivity to human interference, noting their preference for nesting in uninhabited areas of Tannirbhavi and Sasihithlu beaches.
This resurgence has spurred a wave of conservation initiatives. Local fisherfolk have rallied to protect the eggs from natural predators, while community leaders like Chandra Bangera have organised youth patrols to safeguard the nesting sites.
The forest department has taken proactive measures, employing a 'clipper movement' to barricade the 12 nesting sites and assigning round-the-clock surveillance to ensure the safety of the hatchlings.
Highlighting the ecological role of Olive Ridley turtles, experts underscored their predilection for feeding on jellyfish, which helps regulate fish populations and mitigate risks to fishermen from jellyfish-related injuries.
The revival of nesting activities in southern Karnataka presents an opportunity for further research, particularly concerning the distance from thriving nesting sites in Kundapur and Byndoor, experts suggested.
Forest Minister Eshwar Khandre emphasised the importance of protecting the eggs and incentivising local efforts in conservation. He stated, "The fisherfolk who are assisting the forest department in conserving the eggs must be given incentives and sensitised about similar events in the future."
Despite the commendable resurgence, challenges persist, including habitat degradation, directed harvest, and by-catch in fisheries, which have contributed to the decline of Olive Ridley populations. Efforts are needed to address these issues comprehensively.
While conservation efforts have been robust on the eastern coast, particularly in Odisha, initiatives on the western front have been lacking, prompting calls for increased regulation and protection of Olive Ridley turtles in Karnataka and beyond.
The cycle of nesting and hatching, occurring predominantly during the cover of night, underscores the delicate balance of these ecosystems, reminding us of the importance of sustained conservation efforts to preserve these magnificent creatures for generations to come.

Return of Olive Ridley turtles marks environmental victory for Karnataka coast

<img src="https://api-discussion.policharcha.com/1706786644663" alt="Government unveils green initiatives and renewable energy boost in Interim Budget 2024-25" style="float:none;height: auto;width: auto"/>

In a significant move towards sustainable development, the central government unveiled a series of measures aimed at promoting green growth and renewable energy during the presentation of the Interim Budget 2024-2025 in Parliament on Thursday.
Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman, in her Budget speech, announced a groundbreaking initiative stating, "Through rooftop solarisation, one crore households will be enabled to obtain up to 300 units of free electricity every month."
The inspiration for this scheme stems from Prime Minister Narendra Modi's commitment during the historic Pran Pratishta of Ram Mandir in Ayodhya. The government anticipates several benefits from this solarisation initiative, including annual savings of Rs 15,000-18,000 crore for households, charging of electric vehicles, entrepreneurship opportunities, and employment generation for the youth with technical skills.
In line with India's commitment to achieving 'net-zero' by 2070, Sitharaman proposed viability gap funding for harnessing offshore wind energy potential, setting an initial capacity target of one gigawatt. Additionally, plans for coal gasification and liquefaction capacity of 100 MT by 2030 were announced, aimed at reducing imports of natural gas, methanol, and ammonia.
Mandatory blending of Compressed Bio Gas (CBG) in Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) for transport and Piped Natural Gas (PNG) for domestic purposes was proposed, emphasising the government's push towards cleaner energy alternatives.
Sitharaman underscored the importance of expanding the electric vehicle (e-vehicle) ecosystem, stating, "We will support manufacturing and charging infrastructure while encouraging greater adoption of e-buses for public transport networks through a payment security mechanism."
To bolster the green growth agenda, a new scheme of bio-manufacturing and bio-foundry was introduced, focusing on providing environmentally friendly alternatives such as biodegradable polymers, bio-plastics, bio-pharmaceuticals, and bio-agri-inputs.
"This scheme will also help in transforming today's consumptive manufacturing paradigm to the one based on regenerative principles," Sitharaman added.
Addressing the broader economic outlook, she clarified that the interim budget would cater to financial needs until a new government is formed after the Lok Sabha polls. The interim budget presentation marked a historic moment for Sitharaman, equalling the record set by former Prime Minister Morarji Desai, who presented five annual budgets and one interim budget between 1959 and 1964.
The Budget Session of Parliament commenced on Wednesday, and President Droupadi Murmu addressed a joint sitting of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. The Ministry of Finance, in a review report, projected India's economy to grow close to 7 percent in the financial year 2024-25, maintaining its status as the fastest-growing major economy.

Government unveils green initiatives and renewable energy boost in Interim Budget 2024-25

<img src="https://api-discussion.policharcha.com/1706701675112" alt="India's electricity demand to surpass China's with coal dominating through 2026, IEA reports" style="float:none;height: auto;width: auto"/>

Projections from the International Energy Agency (IEA) indicate that by 2026, India's electricity demand will outpace China's, boasting the world's fastest growth rate. Despite Prime Minister Narendra Modi's commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by 2070, the IEA's report, titled "Electricity 2024," underscores the dominance of coal in India's power sector, expected to meet 68 percent of the demand by 2026.
The report reveals a shift from coal's 74 percent contribution to total electricity generation in 2023. Renewable generation remained stable at 21 percent in 2023, with solar and wind gains offset by reduced hydropower output. The addition of 21 gigawatts (GW) of renewable energy capacity in 2023 marked progress, constituting nearly 44 percent of the total installed capacity in the third financial quarter.
India experienced a seven percent rise in electricity demand in 2023, driven by rapid economic growth and increased space cooling needs. Despite a slight dip from the 8.6 percent growth in 2022, the demand is expected to escalate by an annual average of 6.5 percent from 2024 to 2026.
With this trajectory, coal-fired power generation is anticipated to grow by 2.5 percent annually between 2024 and 2026, while renewable generation will exhibit a more robust annual growth rate of 13 percent.
The IEA estimates that India's electricity demand in the next three years could rival the United Kingdom's. Notably, approximately 85 percent of new electricity capacity is projected to come from emerging economies, with China and India taking the lead in south Asia.
Changing weather patterns in India adversely impacted hydroelectric power availability, leading to a significant 15 percent drop in hydropower generation in 2023. To address power supply concerns, the government mandated a blending of a minimum of six percent imported coal with domestic coal until March 2024.
In addition to wind and solar projects, India is focusing on large hydro and nuclear power initiatives. Over 11.5 GW of stalled hydro projects, initially awarded to private sector companies 15 years ago, were transferred to central public sector entities in August 2023. More than half of the global nuclear power plants in the pipeline from 2024 to 2026 are in China and India, with global nuclear generation expected to increase by almost 10 percent in 2026 compared to 2023.
The IEA notes a growing interest in small modular reactor (SMR) technology, acknowledging its modest development and deployment challenges. India, aiming to triple its nuclear capacity by 2032, commenced operations at its largest domestically built nuclear power plant in Gujarat in June 2023.
As of November 2023, 68 GW of nuclear capacity is under construction, 9 GW is planned, and 353 GW is proposed globally, with Asia anticipated to exceed North America's nuclear power growth by 2026. China's notable progress in nuclear power includes the commercial operation of its first fourth-generation reactor in December 2023, marking a significant milestone according to the IEA.

India's electricity demand to surpass China's with coal dominating through 2026, IEA reports

<img src="https://api-discussion.policharcha.com/1706700938619" alt="Report reveals challenges in Snow Leopard conservation efforts in India" style="float:none;height: auto;width: auto"/>

A recent report jointly released by the Government of India and non-profit organisations has shed light on the status of snow leopards in the country, revealing both accomplishments and challenges in their conservation efforts.
The report disclosed that India is home to 718 snow leopards, but concerns arise as only one-third of their habitat enjoys legal protection. With a focus on the 120,000 square kilometers (sq km) snow leopard habitat in the country, the report highlighted that a mere 34 percent of this vital space is legally safeguarded, leaving approximately 70 percent exposed to potential threats.
Underlining the urgency for a dedicated approach, the report suggested the establishment of a Snow Leopard Cell at the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) in Dehradun, operating under the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEF&amp;CC).
This proposed cell's primary objectives would encompass long-term population monitoring, organised studies, and consistent field surveys to ensure the sustainable preservation of the snow leopard population.
The report recommended a periodic population estimation approach, proposing that states and Union territories (UTs) consider conducting assessments every fourth year within the snow leopard range. These regular evaluations aim to provide crucial insights into challenges, threats, and the formulation of effective conservation strategies.
Addressing the need for an updated assessment, the report urged a re-evaluation of the snow leopard population in India, highlighting the importance of this process against the earlier estimate of 400-700 individuals in a global population ranging from 4,000-7,500.
The Snow Leopard Population Assessment in India (SPAI), conducted over four years (2019-2023) by the WII, along with partners Nature Conservation Foundation, Mysuru, and World Wildlife Fund for Nature-India, played a crucial role in gathering data. Researchers strategically placed camera traps at 1,971 locations across Union Territories of Ladakh and Jammu and Kashmir, as well as states such as Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh.
The camera traps successfully captured images of 241 unique snow leopards, revealing regional concentrations. Ladakh emerged as a prominent habitat, hosting 477 individuals, followed by Uttarakhand (124) and Himachal Pradesh (51). Sikkim and Jammu and Kashmir recorded 21 and nine individuals, respectively.
Highlighting the historical context, the report traced the commencement of systematic surveys for snow leopards back to the 1980s, primarily in Ladakh and later extending to Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand.
The report addressed the undefined snow leopard range in India, attributing it to the lack of comprehensive nationwide analysis. It emphasised that only 5 percent or one-third of the region was covered before 2016, while the latest figures now provide a range for 80 percent of the area, showcasing progress from 56 percent coverage in 2016.

Report reveals challenges in Snow Leopard conservation efforts in India

<img src="https://api-discussion.policharcha.com/1705591070096" alt="Oil Minister Puri advocates India's cost advantage in green energy production at Davos, highlights global impact" style="float:none;height: auto;width: auto"/>

Union Minister for Petroleum and Natural Gas, and Housing and Urban Affairs, Hardeep Singh Puri, highlighted India's cost advantage in the production of green energy and electrolysers during the CII-Bain session on 'Green Hydrogen Opportunity in India' at Davos 2024.
"In the Indian energy story, the thing that stands out is that in the next 20 years, 25% of the increase in global demand is going to come from India," stated Puri, highlighting India's significant role in meeting global energy demands.
Puri underscored India's competitive edge, stating, "If you look at the costs, the India advantage is that we are able to significantly reduce the cost of production of green solar energy and electrolysers."
The session featured notable speakers, including Shrikant Madhav Vaidya, Chairman of Indian Oil Corporation, who expressed the importance of boosting green hydrogen consumption, particularly in industries like steel and fertiliser. Jorgen Sandstrom from the World Economic Forum emphasised the need for smart, efficient, and sustainable measures to accelerate the green hydrogen economy.
Sumant Sinha, Founder and CEO of ReNew, lauded the supportive government policies and envisioned India becoming a globally competitive producer and exporter of green energy.
The event also marked the launch of a study titled 'Green Hydrogen: Enabling Measures Roadmap for Adoption in India' by Bain &amp; Company and WEF. The study highlighted the strategic role of green hydrogen in achieving net-zero targets and optimising India's imports. It identified the current cost premium as a challenge for large-scale adoption and set a benchmark goal of $2/kg for green hydrogen to thrive in India.
Minister Puri engaged in productive discussions with Catherine MacGregor, CEO of ENGIE group, exploring collaboration in natural gas, compressed biogas, and LNG. Puri informed MacGregor about India's National Green Hydrogen Mission, aiming to make India a global hub for green hydrogen production, usage, and export.
The minister also met with representatives from Trafigura Group, Cosan, Honeywell, and SAP, discussing potential collaborations in securing affordable crude and LNG supplies, investments in India's growth story, sustainable aviation fuel, and technology transfer for green hydrogen and biofuels.
These interactions at Davos reflect India's commitment to sustainable and green energy solutions, presenting myriad opportunities for collaboration and investment in the evolving energy landscape.

Oil Minister Puri advocates India's cost advantage in green energy production at Davos, highlights global impact

<img src="https://api-discussion.policharcha.com/1703511581614" alt="Reclaiming the land: Battling Lantana invasion in Mandla, Madhya Pradesh" style="float:none;height: auto;width: auto"/>

In a triumph over adversity, residents of Manikpur Raiyat village in Mandla, Madhya Pradesh, are celebrating the reclamation of their lands from the invasive lantana weed. Nirmala Marawi, a 55-year-old farmer, shared her joy as she harvested kutki, a little millet, from her once-fallow 2.8-hectare field. The success story is a testament to the community's resilience and efforts in combating one of the world's ten worst invasive species.
The lantana weed, introduced to India by the British in the 1800s, had spread across 574,186 square kilometers, covering 50 percent of the country's natural areas, as highlighted in an October 2023 study in the Journal of Applied Ecology. The invasive plant had not only affected agriculture and biodiversity but also limited access to non-timber forest produces for tribal communities.
Since 2012, the Foundation for Ecological Security (FES) has been instrumental in supporting Mandla's villagers, providing technical and financial aid to eradicate lantana. The process involved clearing patches of land, cutting down shrubs, extracting deep roots, and drying the stems. Residents, supported by laborers, worked tirelessly to eliminate lantana, earning wages similar to the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme.
Pradyumna Kumar Acharya of FES Mandla reported that, so far, 7,000 hectares in Mandla have been cleared of lantana, transforming both agricultural and common lands. The initiative, which began with a focus on community lands, later expanded to include private lands at residents' requests.
The impact of lantana eradication goes beyond reclaiming land. A July 2023 report by FES highlighted the social, economic, and ecological benefits. The study, based on interviews with 191 farmers from 18 villages, revealed that 50 percent of farmers are now cultivating cleared lands. Open grazing and fodder collection on these lands have increased, contributing to a significant rise in fodder availability.
Forest produce, such as mahua flowers, has become accessible, with 46 percent of surveyed farmers reporting benefits. The report also indicated a reduction in crop losses due to the absence of wild animals that once hid amid dense lantana shrubs.
While the success is commendable, consistent management is crucial to prevent lantana resurgence. Villages have formed committees to monitor and address the challenge. The fines imposed for violations encourage responsible land use and discourage activities that may hinder the restoration process.
However, challenges remain, and continuous efforts are needed to integrate lantana management into broader initiatives like the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme and gram panchayat projects. Promoting commercial uses for lantana, such as furniture making, could further contribute to efforts in curbing the invasive species.
The story of Mandla exemplifies the power of community-led initiatives in restoring land, fostering biodiversity, and improving livelihoods in the face of invasive threats.

Reclaiming the land: Battling Lantana invasion in Mandla, Madhya Pradesh

<img src="https://api-discussion.policharcha.com/1703075988185" alt="Persistent non-compliance challenges India's Fly Ash management mandate" style="float:none;height: auto;width: auto"/>

Despite the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change's (MoEFCC) 2021 directive mandating the 100% utilisation of fly ash by coal-fired thermal power plants, recent cases registered with the National Green Tribunal (NGT) reveal ongoing challenges in the proper disposal of fly ash.
In a case filed by Mohan Singh against the State of Haryana, the NGT was informed that the Panipat Thermal Plant failed to scientifically manage fly ash, causing damage to nearby agricultural fields. While the power plant provided tube wells as compensation, electricity connections to these wells were severed, leading to continued slurry overflow. The NGT directed the Haryana Pollution Control Board to ensure corrective action in consultation with stakeholders.
Another case, Ajay Shrivastava vs State of Haryana, highlighted violations by the Faridabad Thermal Power Station. The NGT observed non-compliance with MoEFCC's Aravalli notification, stressing on the lack of a concrete plan for lifting coal ash from the ash dyke and inadequate measures for fly ash stabilisation.
The matter of Ashwani Kumar Dubey vs Union of India revealed a longstanding issue, with thermal power plants in Singrauli district causing mercury discharge, ailments, and environmental pollution due to fly ash mismanagement. Despite previous interventions, an oversight committee reported illegal ash pond overflow and emphasised precautions for red mud disposal.
In January 2022, the NGT addressed eight similar cases regarding pollution from coal thermal power plants in Singrauli and Sonebhadra. A joint committee identified significant gaps in fly ash management, leading to recommendations for remedial actions. The NGT directed the formation of a Fly Ash Management and Utilisation Mission.
While the NGT allowed concerned parties access to the committee's recommendations, objections were filed in the Supreme Court, citing a violation of the principles of natural justice. The recurring non-compliance underscores the challenges in bridging the gap between legal mandates and execution.
These cases highlight the need for a more robust compliance system within the NGT, highlighting the importance of overcoming challenges to ensure the tribunal's efficiency and adherence to its environmental jurisprudence mandate.

Persistent non-compliance challenges India's Fly Ash management mandate

<img src="https://api-discussion.policharcha.com/1701926628195" alt="COP28: India's stance on fossil fuels sparks debate as global pledges exceed $83 Billion" style="float:none;height: auto;width: auto"/>

The initial week of the COP28 global climate talks culminated with noteworthy developments, including the operationalisation of the Loss and Damage Fund, substantial pledges exceeding USD 83 billion, and a draft text for the Global Stocktake introducing the phased elimination of all fossil fuels—a historic move.
Despite the impressive financial commitments, concerns linger regarding the voluntary nature of these pledges and their actual implementation by participating nations.
A pivotal issue emerged concerning fossil fuels, notably the draft text proposing options for the phased decommissioning of unabated coal and a just transition away from fossil fuels.
This, however, raises potential contention for India, as the nation has consistently underscored its inability to support language advocating for the phasing out or down of coal.
India took a distinctive stance by refraining from signing the pledge to triple global renewable energy capacity by 2030 and abstaining from endorsing the COP28 Declaration on Climate and Health.
The Global Stocktake, unveiled on Tuesday, marked the inaugural periodic review of global initiatives aimed at limiting temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius. India, representing the BASIC bloc (Brazil, South Africa, India, and China), played a pivotal role in advocating for accountability, stressing the importance of assessing the shortcomings of developed nations.
Despite early challenges in substantive negotiations, the first week of COP28 witnessed a surge in commitments. Independent analysis from Climate Tracker revealed groundbreaking declarations on food systems transformation, health, renewable energy, and efficiency, along with initiatives to decarbonise heavy-emitting industries.
Historic agreements included the operationalisation and capitalisation of the Loss and Damage Fund, with an impressive USD 726 million already pledged. Efforts to replenish the Green Climate Fund (GCF) with USD 3.5 billion were undertaken, raising the total to USD 12.8 billion.
Substantial contributions to the Adaptation Fund, Least Developed Countries Fund, and the Special Climate Change Fund were also announced.
The UAE pledged USD 200 million through Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) and an additional USD 150 million for water security solutions. International financial institutions joined forces, with the World Bank committing to an annual increase of USD 9 billion for 2024 and 2025 to finance climate-related projects. Multilateral Development Banks collectively pledged over USD 22.6 billion towards climate action.
As COP28 enters its second week, expectations are high for continued progress in substantive negotiations, with the hope that the momentum generated by substantial financial commitments will translate into meaningful actions to address the global climate crisis.

COP28: India's stance on fossil fuels sparks debate as global pledges exceed $83 Billion

<img src="https://api-discussion.policharcha.com/1701775473990" alt="Sangitaben Rathod and Jasumatiben Jethabai Parmar at COP28 in Dubai, UAE." style="float:none;height: auto;width: auto"/>

In a noteworthy representation of grassroots climate action, Sangitaben Rathod and Jasumatiben Jethabai Parmar, adorned in traditional Indian attire, have made a significant impact at the COP28 global climate talks in the UAE.
Hailing from Arvali and Jetapur in Gujarat, respectively, these women have presented potent traditional solutions to address climate change challenges.
Rathod and Parmar, who had never ventured beyond their home state before, introduced practical climate resilience solutions gaining international recognition. Their traditional wisdom involves harnessing neem leaves and cow urine to create organic fertilisers and insecticides.
This innovative practice, sustaining their crops for years, is now being adopted by women farmers across India, offering a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilisers.
Sangitaben Rathod, motivated by significant losses in wheat crops in 2019 due to climate change, shared, "After that, we started looking at the problem, and we realised pest attacks had considerably increased due to the changing climate. It was then that we thought of turning to the traditional solutions our forefathers used – neem leaves and cow urine."
The solution was subsequently shared with the Self Employed Women’s Association (SEWA), empowering communities with this eco-friendly approach.
Expressing their expectations on the global stage, Rathod emphasised sharing their implemented solutions with a wider audience and raising awareness among negotiators about the impact of climate change on Indian women. Jasumatiben added, “Our seemingly simple traditions hold the key to a sustainable future.”
Amidst the formal suits of international bureaucrats, Sangitaben and Jasumatiben actively participated in gender-themed discussions during UN COP28, passionately advocating for reduced insecticide and pesticide usage through traditional farming practices.
The duo also shared their insights with former US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, shedding light on the challenges faced by Indian women workers due to climate shocks.
Reema Nanavaty, Director of SEWA, underscored the urgent need for a Global Climate Resilience Fund for women, especially in India, emphasising a bottom-up approach.
With over 100,000 participants from 198 countries, the ongoing global climate talks in Dubai have provided a platform for impactful discussions and initiatives to address climate challenges and foster sustainable practices.

Indian women farmers take centre stage at COP28, showcasing traditional climate solutions

<img src="https://api-discussion.policharcha.com/1700665583681" alt="Antarctic Ozone hole expands & ozone layer thins, defying recovery trends: Study" style="float:none;height: auto;width: auto"/>

A recent study has revealed that the ozone hole over the Antarctic has not only grown larger, but has also become thinner during most of the spring, despite a general trend of recovery in area and depth since the 2000s.
The study, published in Nature Communications, highlighted that the Antarctic ozone hole has been exceptionally massive in the last four years.
Lead author Hannah Kessenich from the University of Otago pointed out, "We find that the concentration of ozone at the centre of the ozone hole has reduced, which means the ozone layer has notably thinned."
The ozone hole is an area of severely depleted ozone in the stratosphere over the Antarctic, occurring from August to October at the beginning of the Southern Hemisphere spring.
While the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts the ozone layer's recovery within four decades, recent years have shown a surprising trend. Despite an overall positive trajectory in recovery, the ozone hole has been notably large from 2020 to 2022, with the 2022 hole exhibiting similar characteristics to the large holes observed in 2020 and 2021.
Even though the study includes data up to 2022, observations in 2023 continue to reflect the same trend. According to NASA, from September 7 to October 13, the hole averaged 23.1 million square kilometres, roughly the size of North America, making it the 16th largest over this period.
This phenomenon is not only an environmental worry, but is also intertwined with the climate and dynamics of the Southern Hemisphere.
Kessenich stated, "With the remarkably large Antarctic ozone holes during 2020-2022, we quickly noticed that adding these years onto the observational record impacted previous trends toward ozone recovery. This spurred us to look into the issue further and determine where and when ozone depletion was worsening."
To gain insights, the research group conducted a comprehensive analysis of monthly and daily ozone changes at various altitudes and latitudes within the Antarctic ozone hole from 2004 to 2022. The findings revealed a substantial 26% reduction at the core of the ozone hole during this period.
This decline is notable, considering global efforts outlined in the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. The protocol aims to regulate the production and consumption of human-generated chemicals known to contribute to ozone depletion.
The 2022 quadrennial assessment report of the Montreal Protocol affirmed the phase-out of nearly 99% of banned ozone-depleting substances.
Despite these efforts, meteorological conditions, springtime temperature, wind patterns, aerosols from natural events like wildfires and volcanic eruptions, and changes in the solar cycle could be influencing the fluctuations in the size of the Antarctic ozone hole.
The complex interplay of these factors, especially within the polar vortex, where air from the mesosphere impacts ozone chemistry, necessitates further research.
Kessenich also highlighted the need to explore the descent of air from the mesosphere within the polar vortex and its potential impact on the ozone hole in the future. This ongoing research aims to unravel the intricate mechanisms contributing to ozone depletion in Antarctica and its broader implications for the Southern Hemisphere's climate dynamics.

Antarctic Ozone hole expands & ozone layer thins, defying recovery trends: Study

This year’s string of record-breaking disasters – from deadly wildfires and catastrophic floods to record-high ocean temperatures and record-low sea ice in Antarctica – seem like an acceleration of human-induced climate change.

And it is. But not only because greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise. It is also observed that the long-predicted water vapour feedback within the climate system also played a part.

As the atmosphere warms, it can hold more moisture in the form of water vapour, which is also a greenhouse gas. This in turn amplifies the warming caused by our emissions of other greenhouse gases.

Water vapour is part of Earth’s hydrological cycle and plays an important role in the natural greenhouse effect. Its rise is a consequence of the atmospheric warming caused by our emissions arising especially from burning fossil fuels.

Rising water vapour in atmosphere making weather worse

<div>Yes EVs can prove to be an alternative to conventional fuel in the short run, but the thing with batteries is that what to do with them when they run out.</div><div>It will incur both financial and ecological cost.</div><div>Is it a better alternative in the long run. What do you think?</div>

What do you think about EVs when it comes to sustainability in the long run?

My question is why all of a sudden these discoveries are being made. These materials were in the earth since a long long time but why havent we found them earlier. pehle mill jaati toh aaj kaafi accha ho raha hota

After lithium deposits found in JnK, Gold mines found in Odisha

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